一、修改debian12的国内源，配置文件为：

vim /etc/apt/sources.list

二、国内源

阿里云源

deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian/ bookworm main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian/ bookworm main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian-security/ bookworm-security main
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian-security/ bookworm-security main
deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian/ bookworm-updates main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian/ bookworm-updates main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian/ bookworm-backports main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian/ bookworm-backports main non-free non-free-firmware contrib

清华大学源

deb https://mirrors.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bookworm main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bookworm main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb https://mirrors.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian-security/ bookworm-security main
deb-src https://mirrors.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian-security/ bookworm-security main
deb https://mirrors.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bookworm-updates main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bookworm-updates main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb https://mirrors.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bookworm-backports main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bookworm-backports main non-free non-free-firmware contrib

中科大源

deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian/ bookworm main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian/ bookworm main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian-security/ bookworm-security main
deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian-security/ bookworm-security main
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian/ bookworm-updates main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian/ bookworm-updates main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian/ bookworm-backports main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian/ bookworm-backports main non-free non-free-firmware contrib

网易源

deb https://mirrors.163.com/debian/ bookworm main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.163.com/debian/ bookworm main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb https://mirrors.163.com/debian-security/ bookworm-security main
deb-src https://mirrors.163.com/debian-security/ bookworm-security main
deb https://mirrors.163.com/debian/ bookworm-updates main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.163.com/debian/ bookworm-updates main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb https://mirrors.163.com/debian/ bookworm-backports main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.163.com/debian/ bookworm-backports main non-free non-free-firmware contrib

腾讯云源

deb https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/debian/ bookworm main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/debian/ bookworm main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/debian-security/ bookworm-security main
deb-src https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/debian-security/ bookworm-security main
deb https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/debian/ bookworm-updates main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/debian/ bookworm-updates main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/debian/ bookworm-backports main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/debian/ bookworm-backports main non-free non-free-firmware contrib

三，更新

apt update